Friday, December 19, 2008

C..hristmas S..eason R..eflections

Now that we're all winding down (or is it winding up?) for the festive season, as a CSR person (whatever that is) I find myself being revisted by the three "ghosts of Christmas past", whose names are Commercialism, Consumerism and Complicity.

The ghost Commericalism is the unease I feel with the way Christmas is trivialised by business, turning sacred symbols into marketing gimmicks and the Christmas message into catchy jingles. The ghost Consumerism, clearly a close relation to Commercialism, is the shopping frenzy that business whips up around buying Christmas gifts, with the disturbing subtext that we need to buy happiness/love/freedom from guilt. The ghost Complicity is the most disquieting of all, reminding me that I am part of this circus of materialism - I buy into it, literally, even if it makes me uncomfortable.

Is it only CSR professionals who are visited by the 3-C Christmas ghosts, I wonder? And what do I think is the responsible thing to do anyway? Am I suggesting commercial suicide ("hey guys, time to close shop, Christmas is coming!")? Clearly not. Am I suggesting family warfare ("sorry kids, no presents this year; it's for you own good, I promise!")? Not that either.  And what about personal ascetism ("gosh, this seems like a good time to become a monk!")? I think not. Scrooge is not really my style.

For me, I guess a "sustainable and responsible" Christmas is all about consciousness. Not Zen-chanting, cloud-surfing consciousness. More like "drifting in awareness". Being conscious of what I'm buying, for who and why. Being conscious of all the "invisible gifts" of Christmas - spending time with loved ones, taking time out to reflect, remembering the message of the child. And also being conscious that more than half the world's population doesn't celebrate Christmas, and for several billion people, it will be the gift of life - of clean water, health, safety and warmth - that they will be hoping for. I'm not suggesting that we all sink into a Christmas depression; simply that we count our blessings and be aware of what Christmas is all about.

So it only leaves me to wish you all, friends and colleagues in the CSR community, a Conscious Christmas. I hope you return in the New Year as passionate and energised as ever to make a positive difference in the world.

Wednesday, December 10, 2008

Health as a Human Right

I’ve been meaning to write up a few scribbled lines from the interesting lunch session I attended last week entitled ‘health as a human right’ at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs. The event focused on how the international community has begun to consider the ‘highest attainable standard of health’ as a fundamental component of the human rights agenda. The discussion touched on a range of ethical issues from the corporate responsibility of pharmaceuticals companies to more concrete matters of policy and law. Indeed, it seems logical to make a short posting on the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which has deservedly got a fair bit of attention today (even if it's late in NYC!)

The Carnegie Council regularly offers great events and generally invite excellent guests to speak. This time was no exception with a panel featuring Christian Barry (Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics), Meg Boulware (Baker & McKenzie), Laura Herman (FSG Social Impact Advisors), Maggie Kohn (Merck), Rohit Malpani (Oxfam America), Lisa Oldring (Special Advisor to Mary Robinson). There were some interesting comments and I have very briefly touched upon one useful suggestion made in the text below. Fortunately, the Carnegie Council does a good job of videoing their events - the full discussion can be seen by clicking here: http://www.cceia.org/resources/video/data/000097

Pharmaceuticals companies have come under plenty of scrutiny for their CSR policies and the access to medicine debate has been around for a long time in policy circles (now we even have an index, which came out earlier this year). Responsibilities in this area are grey, as acknowledged at this event by the top CSR Officer at Merck, which is considered a leader in the field. In terms of medicines, their policies are predicated on the principles of availability, quality, access, and affordability. It's the last two aspects that have been a huge bone of contention. On access they have made great strides (such as their policy on patents in Least Developed Counties) but the issue of price continues to be a hot issue, as eloquently highlighted by the Oxfam representative.

One particularly interesting recommendation from the session actually came from Merck. Essentially, the proposition was for stakeholders (donor organizations, governments, pharmaceuticals) to come together to work on a list of principles in terms of a right to health, perhaps working with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) to develop a series of indicator in this area for all organizations to work upon. While the GRI guidelines have their critics, I think the process of collaborative action itself is incredibly valuable and a way needs to be found for such work to be taken forward by industry leaders. While much greater consideration from all sides is still required, such an opportunity is too important not to take.

Institute of Green Professionals: Honorary Fellow

I have just received notification that I have been nominated as an Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Green Professionals (IGP), which:

"Recognizes individuals for outstanding accomplishments in the sustainability sphere that are considered either a single contribution of theory, design, or technique of outstanding significance or the accumulation of important contributions on theory or practice over an extended time period, the total of which represent an outstanding contribution."

Phew! Quite a mouthful! But of course much appreciated. Thanks IGP!

For more information on the IGP, go to:

CSR/sustainability experts on hope and 2009 prospects

Last night I was at the Science Museum in London attending the 20th Anniversary alumni celebrations of the University of Cambridge Programme for Industry (CPI - where I am a Senior Associate and was formerly Research Director).

The evening included an introductory speech by Director, Polly Courtice. Then we showed a little film (on a BIG Imax screen). The film included extracts from interviews I conducted with Joseph Stiglitz, George Monbiot, Hunter Lovins, Elizabeth Economy, Mohammad Yunus and Jeffrey Sachs. These interviews are the basis of two books that I am writing, which will be published in 2009.

Following the film was a panel discussion comprising John Elkington (Founder, SustainAbility and Volans Ventures), Emma Howard-Boyd (Director, Juipiter Asset Management), Doug Parr (Chief Scientist, Greenpeace UK) and Jonathon Porritt (Founder, Forum for the Future). They were asked to speak about what made them hopeful about the future.

John was placing his bets on social entrepreneurs, Emma commented on substantial growth in SRI in the past year (suggesting that it may be up to 20% of all investments by 2015 if memory serves), Doug cited victories in stalling a new UK nuclear plant and airport runway and Jonathon was putting his faith in a grassroots upswell (and his hopes for Barack Obama).

I would be lying if I said it was an entirely upbeat discussion. John sees the next 7 or 8 years of recession being very bleak and creating serious (and painful) discontinuities, Doug despairs over multilateral policy processes like Poznan and Jonathon thinks the scope for business to make serious progress in the current policy climate is extremely limited.

What all seemed to agree, however, is that 2009 will be an extremely challenging and exciting year for all of us working in CSR and sustainability. Their unified plea was for us to focus on the strategic, systemic reforms, rather than fiddling around the edges with incremental change. And speaking of strategic initiatives, if you haven't yet seen the Posnan Communique, signed by 140 global businesses, check it out at:

Sunday, December 7, 2008

The Long Tail of CSR

I recently read The Long Tail, by Chris Anderson and it started me thinking: What is the Long Tail of CSR? 

The Long Tail – named after the extended tail of a statistical distribution curve - is the idea that selling less to more people is big business. It’s the business model that has spawned the most successful companies of the Web 2.0 age. The Long Tail questions the conventional wisdom that says success is about generating ‘blockbusters’ and ‘superstars’ – those rare few products and services that become runaway bestsellers.

Anderson sums up his message by saying that: 1) the tail of available variety is longer than we think; 2) it’s now within reach economically; and 3) all those niches, when aggregated, can make up a significant market. He also notes that this Long Tail revolution has been made possible by the digital age, which has dramatically reduced the costs of customised production and niche distribution.

There are three enablers of successful long tail businesses, according to Anderson: 1) democratising the tools of production (e.g. digi-cams, content editing software, blogging tools); 2) democratising the tools of distribution (e.g. Amazon, eBay, iTunes, Netflix); and 3) connecting supply and demand (e.g. Google, blogs, Rotten Tomatoes).

So how might this apply to CSR? To me, the Long Tail of CSR is all about extending the reach of CSR, and improving its ability to satisfy specific social and environmental needs. Let’s use Anderson’s enablers as a framework for thinking about this ...

Democratising the tools of CSR production

This is about breaking CSR silos and extending CSR beyond multinationals. At the early stages of CSR adoption, it is often confined to Public Relations, Corporate Affairs or Marketing departments. As CSR implementation matures, responsibility tends to migrate to specialised CSR departments of various descriptions (environment, health & safety, accountability, corporate citizenship, etc.). However, these versions of CSR are like the Hollywood model of blockbuster films. They suggest that CSR is about a few, high visibility programmes that are designed by CSR experts and delivered by big companies.

By contract, democratising CSR production would be mean firstly embedding CSR across the organisation – making it the responsibility of operations managers, financial managers, shop floor workers, basically everyone. This is only possible if CSR becomes part of the culture and incentive systems of an organisation. Secondly, CSR would need to be extended beyond the usual suspects (i.e. the high profile, branded multinationals) to the less visible B2Bs (business to business), to national (rather than multinational) organisations, to SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises), and down the supply chain (as WalMart is now most famously doing).

Democratising the tools of CSR distribution

To date, CSR has mainly be ‘distributed’ via a few select projects – typically philanthropic or charitable activities – in which the company offers its help to the ‘less fortunate masses’. Usually, the nature and scope of CSR activities is determined top-down and offered as a fairly undifferentiated ‘service’, e.g. Nike might decide to focus on sponsoring sports teams, events and celebrities and Coca-Cola might choose water as its key CSR issue. The most common delivery mechanisms are money (sponsorship and other forms of charity), or for the more advanced companies, adhering to generic CSR codes and standards.

By contrast, democratising the tools of CSR distribution should include allowing staff to participate in CSR delivery through volunteer programmes, and developing more geographically tailored and sector-specific CSR codes and standards, such as the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, or the Global Reporting Initiative guidelines for HIV/Aids reporting. Beyond this, embracing Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) markets and supporting social entrepreneurs will allow the reach of CSR to be extended so that the needs of formerly unserved or underserved people can be met.

Connecting CSR Supply and Demand

Traditionally, CSR has been offered in the form of grants by multinational head-offices, who control the budget and set the criteria by which prospective philanthropic projects should be selected. For the more advanced companies, this has been extended to adherence by their operations to corporate codes of CSR practice and communicating this through CSR reports. Demand has typically come from community groups applying to corporate foundations for funding, or NGOs taking an activist approach to demanding improved CSR practices.

By contrast, connecting the Long Tail of CSR supply and demand will rely increasingly on cross-sector partnerships and multi-stakeholder groups. For example, Rio Tinto may work with the Word Conservation Union to identify biodiversity needs and satisfy them through appropriate CSR activities. Companies may also use extended stakeholder networks of community groups, social entrepreneurs and microcredit enterprises to better match their capacity to make a positive impact among those who can most benefit, as BP is doing with smokeless stoves in India and SC Johnson is doing with cleaning products in Kenya.

Conclusion

 To conclude, applying the Long Tail concept to CSR requires a different way of thinking about how CSR is generated, delivered and managed. It means making CSR a more inclusive and embedded process within the company, and a more diverse and far-reaching set of activities outside the company. It also means creating meaningful stakeholder partnerships to ensure that the right kinds of CSR benefit the right groups of people, where and when they need it.

The Long Tail in a nutshell, according to Anderson, is: “culture unfiltered by scarcity”. By extension, the Long Tail of CSR in a nutshell is: “responsibility liberated by collaboration”.

To download this think-piece as a pdf, go to: 

http://www.waynevisser.com/article_waynevisser_csr_longtail.pdf

Tuesday, December 2, 2008

EIU: Corporate Citizenship....profiting from a sustainable business strategy

In case you missed it, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) recently published a report which is well worth a read. It discusses the motivation for corporate citizenship, suggests how it can help improve the bottom line, and proposes that having a well-designed corporate citizenship program can be a competitive advantage.

The link to the free report is here: http://www.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=corporate_citizenship&page=noads&rf=0

Monday, December 1, 2008

CSR and the financial crisis

Earlier today I attended a lunchtime event organized by Net Impact and hosted by Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) on the topic of CSR and the financial crisis. The impressive panel featured Prof Geoff Heal (Columbia Business School), Kara Hartnett Hurst (Business for Social Responsibility), Prof Jenik Radon (SIPA) and Aaron Hurst (Taproot Foundation). Below are a couple of quick points made during the discussion - please see the podcast section of slate.com for the full commentary http://www.slate.com which I expect to be made available shortly.

Prof Geoff Heal suggested that there isn’t a great deal of historical data relating to the impact assessment of a recession on CSR
policies and practices. Unsurprisingly, it was presumed that profits will be harder to come by in such times, but where CSR is embedded and contributes toward the bottom line, we can expect such policies to subsist; yet if these practices relate more toward PR or philanthropy, one might predict more reduced roles. Invariably, some firms will fall into each of these categories. It was suggested that Business 2 Consumer CSR (especially if tied to brand value) would be less impacted than Business 2 Business CSR, where some cutbacks might well be anticipated, which is somewhat of a moot point. He did however suggest that there is some evidence to suggest that, in an increasingly competitive environment, CSR policies can actually contribute to greater profits (such as in retail). 

Kara Hartnett Hurst suggested that business at BSR is booming, which is indeed indicative. Again, those companies with more integrated CSR programs weren’t cutting back given they have recognized their investment in, and the value of, CSR to a variety of stakeholders. She also noted how there has been a relative increase in the recognition and confidence of CSR given how it is associated with better governance structures and longer term shareholder value. That said, it was acknowledged, more generally, that business conditions are not good and that ‘flat is the new up' - but while reductions are happening, CSR has been less visibly impacted. 

Aaron Hurst highlighted several drivers that will promote further change in CSR over the next months, including the next administration. It was acknowledged, however, that financial philanthropy might well be cutback in this tough economic climate but conversely, increasingly people had their time to offer (he added that it was perhaps because they no longer had a job!).

The commentary was pretty broad ranging yet there were some interesting points of view from the panel on the financial bailout, as well as various recommendations for the incoming Obama team. Overall, the discussion was worth listening to, if you can find the opportunity.


Sunday, November 30, 2008

World Guide to CSR - Call for Contributors

Could you write an authoritative summary on the State of CSR in your country? Would you like to be positioned internationally as an expert on CSR for your country? If so, I would encourage you to respond to this Call for Contributors by CSR International.

Following the tremendous success of “The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility”, I am editing a new book called “The World Guide to Corporate Social Responsibility”. We will be including country and regional profiles on CSR, with key information about the history, issues, trends, research and organisations.

If you are interested in being the contributor for a particular country/region, please apply by sending o wayne@csrinternational.orgt: 1) A motivation statement (no more than 1-page); 2) a sample of your writing (an extract of no more than 2 pages); and 3) your CV. Please include the country/region you are applying for in the title of your email. Selections will be made during December. A writing template will be provided and the deadline for final text is 31 March 2009.

CSR Master Classes

Professor Wayne Visser, author of The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility, Founder and CEO of CSR International, will teach a series of three Master Classes in London in 2009.
 
MASTERCLASS I - INTRODUCTION TO CSR THEORY AND PRACTICE
23rd, 24th  January 2009 (1 day, repeated on Friday and Saturday)
You will learn about CSR past, present and future, focusing on business cases and standards.
 
MASTERCLASS II - CSR IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT
27th, 28th February 2009 (1 day, repeated on Friday and Saturday)
You will learn international models and trends, study regional perspectives continent by continent and get an insight into Bottom of the Pyramid markets.
 
MASTERCLASS III - CREATING CHANGE THROUGH CSR
27th, 28th March 2009 (1 day, repeated on Friday and Saturday)
You will learn how CSR can convey change and make a difference at an individual, organizational and societal level.
 
Participants who complete Master Classes I, II and III will receive a CSR International Level 1 Certificate
 
To book or make an enquiry, please contact clemence@csrinternational.org
 
Best regards,

Clémence Viel

 

Wayne Visser is Founder and CEO of CSR International and the author/editor of six books, including five on the role of business in society, the most recent of which are Making A Difference and The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility. In addition, Wayne is Visiting Professor in CSR at Manheim University (Germany) and Senior Associate and Internal Examiner at the University of Cambridge Programme for Industry (UK), where he previously held positions as Research Director and External Examiner. Before getting his PhD in Corporate Social Responsibility (Nottingham University, UK), Wayne was Director of Sustainability Services for KPMG and Strategy Analyst for Cap Gemini in South Africa.

Wednesday, November 26, 2008

Who Are Your Top 10 CSR Leaders?

CSR International is putting together a Top 100 CSR Leaders List - including both thought-leaders and leaders-in-practice. 

To start with we are asking for your Top 10s, from which we will compile a master list. We will then open it to a public vote, based on which we will create a ranking.

To get the process going, here is my Top 10 list (in no particular order):

* John Elkington
* Stuart Hart
* Muhammad Yunus
* Simon Zadek
* Michael Braungart
* Jeffrey Immelt
* Jeffrey Hollander
* Anita Roddick
* Ricardo Semler
* Stephan Schmidheiny

Who would you add to your list of corporate sustainability and responsibility leaders?

Tuesday, November 18, 2008

Can CSR Make Us Happy?

In the face of unprecedented global challenges like financial market instability, persistent poverty and climate change, can individuals make a difference? This blog looks at what motivates people to devote their time and energies to addressing social, environmental and ethical issues.

In particular, it shows how CSR or corporate sustainability and responsibility can provide a powerful way to address what I have called the “existential gap” (Ethical Corporation, July 2004), or lack of a deeper sense of personal meaning and job satisfaction felt by many employees today.

A survey a few years ago by London PR firm Fish Can Sing hinted at the extent of the problem. It found that 66% all 18-35 year-olds were unhappy at work. The proportion rose to 83% among 30-35 year-olds. One in 15 respondents had already quit the rat race and 45% were seriously contemplating a career change.

Someone in this latter group was described as being TIRED, or a Thirty-something Independent Radical Educated Drop-out. These otherwise highly successful and motivated professionals were found to be lacking something in their working lives. They wanted less work-related stress and shorter working hours, and more job satisfaction, and higher quality of life.

What’s more, the existential crisis does not appear to be confined either to the thirty-something age group, or to the UK. According to the Worldwatch Institute, today the same number of Americans – about a third – report being “very happy” as did in 1957, even though they are as a group twice as wealthy as they were 50 years ago. And in Japan, there is even a word for “death from overwork” – “karoshi”.

The industrialised world in general fares much worse than expected on some measures of wellbeing. For example, in the New Economics Foundation’s 2006 Happy Planet Index, which measures the relative efficiency with which nations convert the planet’s natural resources into long and happy lives for their citizens, Italy is 66th, Germany 81st and Japan 95th. The UK comes in at 108th, Canada 111th, France 129th, and the US 150th. 

So what is going on here? So what is going on here? Victor Frankl, author of Man’s Search for Meaning and a personal survivor of four Nazi concentration camps, suggests that the western pursuit of economic growth may be to blame: “Consider today’s society,” he says, “It gratifies and satisfies virtually every need – except for one, the need for meaning. This spreading meaning vacuum is especially evident in affluent industrial countries. People have the means for living, but not the meanings.”

Management thinker Charles Handy puts it another way: “We seem to be saying that life is about economics, that money is the measure of things. My hunch is that most of us don't believe any of this, and that it won’t work, but we are trapped in our own rhetoric and have, as yet, nothing else to offer, not even a different way to talk about it.”

Handy may be right. Then again, surely one “different way to talk about it” is through the language of sustainability and responsibility? After all, these are matters which run deep. They are matters of values and beliefs, of higher aspirations and noble causes. And yet, even here, we find the prevailing rhetoric of corporate responsibility is mostly about the business case. Talk of the “moral case” or the “personal case” for corporate responsibility is taboo – as if stripping human emotion and personal motivation from the debate on what companies should behave somehow makes it more credible, if not more effective.

My research suggests that this corporatised, depersonalised approach to corporate responsibility is failing to tap the massive source of energy for constructive change that exists in companies and the world. The reason is that the “CSR-zombie” view of the world – reflected in the mantra, “I only do corporate responsibility because it’s good for business” – completely fails to appreciate why people choose to work in corporate responsibility, what satisfaction they derive from this work, and what motivates them to keep trying to make a positive difference, despite huge obstacles and frustrations. 

To read the full article, published in Ethical Corporation, go to:

http://www.waynevisser.com/article_waynevisser_change_agents.pdf

Thursday, November 13, 2008

Responsabilidad Social en tiempos de crisis financiera

Responsabilidad Social, Ano 2, Numero 16, Noviembre del 2008

Por Wayne Visser

No hay nada pequeño o trivial acerca de esta crisis financiera. Y es probable que la crisis financiera tenga un impacto sustancial en materia de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE). La pregunta es, ¿Cuál será el impacto? ¿Quién ganará y quién perderá?

Según un sondeo ejecutado en el blog de CSR Internacional durante el mes de octubre, 44% de los ejecutivos relacionados con la responsabilidad social creen que la RSE se incrementará como consecuencia de la crisis. Otro 26% cree que va a cambiar, mientras que el 22% piensa que se debilitará.

Se trata de un resultado poco sorprendente y tal vez oculta una respuesta más compleja. En mi opinión, el impacto de la crisis variará dependiendo del tipo de RSE que se practique.

Diferentes impactos

Filantropía. RSE enfocada en acciones filantrópicas será la más afectada. 
Tengo pocas dudas de que quienes han adoptado esta versión inmadura de la RSE, van a sufrir importantes recortes en su presupuesto durante la próxima recesión.

Independientemente del hecho de que los más necesitados de la caridad serán más afectados por la crisis, las empresas de todo el mundo se verán obligadas a la reducción de costos, y los presupuestos de la filantropía será uno de los primeros en ser recortados. 

RSE estratégica.  Ã‰sta será la menos afectada

Es probable el concepto estratégico de la RSE de Michael Porter y Mark Kramer pagará dividendos a sus seguidores a raíz de la crisis financiera.

Ambos expertos sostienen que "entre más estrechamente vinculada está la cuestión social al modelo de negocios, mayor será la oportunidad de apalancamiento de la empresa para sus recursos y para beneficiar a la sociedad". 
Por ejemplo, el compromiso de Coca-Cola por convertirse en una empresa neutral en agua está tan estrechamente vinculado a su actividad principal, que no pueden permitirse el lujo de abandonar este programa estratégico de responsabilidad social. 

Ellos saben que si no son percibidos como usuarios responsables de los escasos recursos hídricos de las comunidades en que operan, sus negocios, en última instancia, fracasarán.

RSE Integrada. La RSE sólo puede ser resistente si es parte del ADN de una organización.

En otras palabras, la RSE sólo sobrevivirá los caprichos de los volubles mercados, la fluctuación de las utilidades, las crisis financieras y los caprichos de liderazgo si está totalmente arraigada en la cultura corporativa, la estrategia y los sistemas de gobernanza.

La inminente recesión será la última prueba de ADN para las empresas. En un año tendremos una idea mucho mejor de quién ha impulsado la responsabilidad social en el corazón de su negocio y quién lo lleva como una máscara.

RSE 2.0.  Para aquellas empresas que están atentas a las oportunidades de la revolución de la RSE 2.0, incluso la recesión presentará grandes oportunidades para el crecimiento de los negocios, así como beneficios financieros.

Esto se debe a que la RSE 2.0 se refiere a  la creación de soluciones para los más urgentes y difíciles problemas del mundo, tales como el estrés hídrico y el cambio climático.

A diferencia de la a RSE del pasado, la RSE 2,0 se impulsa con la ola de sustentabilidad de los mercados. 

Por ejemplo, la demanda de fuentes de energía renovables y tecnologías bajas en carbono ahora supera con creces la oferta.

Y dado el aumento de los costos del cambio climático, los altos precios del petróleo y ambiciosos objetivos políticos, de hasta 80% de reducción en las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero hasta 2050, las empresas que se han posicionado estratégicamente como proveedores de tecnologías limpias seguirán beneficiándose de este mercado de 284 millones de dólares, que se espera que crezca a más de 1.3 billones para 2017.

Prueba de fuego

Por lo tanto, la respuesta a la pregunta, ¿Cuál es la relación entre la crisis financiera y la responsabilidad social de las empresas? es que depende.

Del mismo modo, la respuesta a la pregunta ¿Cómo va a ser responsabilidad social de las empresas afectada por la crisis financiera? depende de cuán profunda es la RSE dentro de la organización.

Es decir, si es filantrópica, estratégica o integrada, o incluso la responsabilidad social de las empresas en su más revolucionaria versión 2.0.

De cualquier manera, la recesión que se avecina no sólo será una prueba de fuego para el compromiso de las empresas con la RSE, sino para la RSE.

Puede ser que ha llegado el momento de la RSE para adaptarse o morir.

El autor es Director y Fundador de CSR Internacional, con base en Cambridge, Inglaterra.

Download:

http://www.waynevisser.com/article_waynevisser_csr_financial_crisis_spanish.pdf 

Monday, November 10, 2008

The State of CSR Reporting in Asia

CSR Asia has just launched their inuagural Business Barometer, which measures CSR disclosure among the top 20 listed companies in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. 

The ranking is based on 62 indicators across the following categories:
1. Company (codes and policies)
2. CSR strategy and communications
3. Marketplace and supply chain
4. Workplace and people
5. The environment
6. Community investment and development.

The findings make interesting reading:

TOP ISSUES - Company (codes and policies) are the most reported CSR issue (scoring 59%), compared with workplace and people scoring only 19%. This seems to imply a continued lack of transparency on Asia's thorniest CSR issue, namely labour conditions.

TOP COUNTRIES - The companies' overall score remains low (30%), but there is some national variation, with Hong Kong scoring best (42%), as compared with Malaysia (29%), Thailand (25%) and Singapore 24%).

TOP COMPANIES - The top companies - China Light and Power and HSBC, both listed in Hong Kong - scored 93%, as compared with the poorest performer - Hong Kong Land - scoring only 3%. The top company in Malaysia was, somewhat controversially, BAT (British American Tobacco) Malaysia; in Thailand, it was Siam Cement, and in Singapore, City Developments.

What can we understand about CSR in Asia from these findings? 

1. LAG EFFECT - Transparency and reporting is not a strong tradition in the East (some would even argue that it is contrary to many cultural norms), so companies are playing catch-up on the overall trend. It remains, by and large, an expectation imposed by the West.

2. LARGE SPECTRUM - The huge variation between the best and worst performers, as well as the overall poor performance, suggests that there is a general lack of awareness, expectation and standards on CSR reporting in Asia.

3. SIZE DOES NOT MATTER - An analysis of the findings showed that there was no correlation between company size and CSR reporting performance. Hence, we need to take other factors into account - international aspirations and strength of leadership for example.

4. IMPLICIT CSR - We should remember that CSR reporting does not necessarily equate to CSR performance. It is quite possible that many Asian companies, much like in Europe, engage in what Matten & Moon call "implicit" CSR (as compared with "explicit CSR" in America).

5. GLOBALISATION MATTERS - However, any Asian company now engaged internationally, either through the supply chain or foreign direct investment, will increasingly need to meet minimum standards for transparency (such as the Global Reporting Initiative) and for CSR (such as the Global Compact). Only 5 of the 80 companies were Global Compact signatories.

My expectation is that we will see overall performace in the Barometer leap up over the coming year or two, as a combination of domestic awareness and international pressure raises CSR further up the politcal and economic agenda in Asia.

For more information, see www.csr-asia.com.

Tuesday, November 4, 2008

CSR and the Financial Crisis: Taking Stock

The scale of the crisis

There is nothing small or trivial about this financial crisis. According to the Bank of England’s recent Financial Stability Report, governments worldwide have already pledged more than $7 trillion in loans, guarantees, capital injections, and other assistance in their coordinated effort to prop up the global financial system. And the ILO estimates the crisis will cost 20 million jobs by next year.

This is not the first financial crisis the world has seen over the past century. The worst, of course, resulted in the Great Depression in the 1930s. But there have been numerous others, all of which carried painful economic and human costs. For example, the crises in Argentina (1981-1990), South Korea (1997-1999) and Thailand (1997-2000) all cost more than 30% of those countries’ GDPs.

But even by historical standards, the 2008 crisis is BIG. In what’s been dubbed “Wall Street’s Red October”, the S&P 500 plunged 16.9%, or 198 points, for the month. That's the worst-ever monthly point decline for the S&P 500. The Dow similarly dropped 14.1%, or 1,526 points. And the ILO estimates that the crisis will bring the total unemployed to more than 210 million for the first time in history.

The key difference is that, unlike the Asian and Latin American crises in the 1980s, this crisis is truly global. Some countries, like Iceland and Pakistan, are threatened by bankruptcy. Others, like Japan, have been hit by huge volatility in the markets. And even the cash-rich, high-flyers like China are seeing their growth suffering as a result. But what does any of this have to do with corporate social responsibility (CSR)?

The links to CSR

Irresponsible banking

I’d like to suggest a multi-level approach to this. At the first and most obvious level, we can say the financial crisis is a direct result of irresponsible banking. According to the Mortgage Bankers Association, the number of sub-prime loans offered to risky borrowers increased more than 15 times since 1998. Essentially, the banks got greedy and compromised good banking practices of credit risk assessment.

Irresponsible financial markets

At another level, the crisis is the predictable consequence of irresponsible financial markets. Since the deregulation of the 1980s, the derivatives market has grown to around $600 trillion dollars, almost 10 times the value of global GDP. This speculative trading (which some call the "casino economy") is meant to hedge risk, but it also increases the volatility and systemic risk of financial markets.

We would do well to recall economist John Maynard Keynes’ warning: “Speculators may do no harm as bubbles on a steady stream of enterprise. But the position is serious when enterprise becomes the bubble on a whirlpool of speculation. When the capital development of a country becomes a by-product of the activities of a casino, the job is likely to be ill-done.”

Irresponsible corporations

Others argue that the crisis is the inevitable consequence of irresponsible corporations. This is linked to the short-termism of shareholder value driven public companies. At the extreme, authors like Joel Bakan suggest that corporations have “a legally defined mandate to relentlessly pursue—without exception—its own self-interest regardless of the often harmful consequences it might cause to others.” This behaviour in humans, he notes, would be characterized as pathological.

Irresponsible executives

The financial crisis has been further inflamed, some claim, by irresponsible executives, as evidenced by their outrageous pay packages. In 2007, the CEO of a Standard & Poor’s 500 company received, on average, $14.2 million in total compensation, according to The Corporate Library. United for a Fair Economy reports that, in 2006, CEOs received more than 364 times the pay of the average U.S. worker (up from 42 times in 1980).

More specifically, it seems the leaders of Wall Street’s top banks are still in line to receive pay deals in 2008 worth more than $70bn, a substantial proportion of which is expected to be paid in discretionary bonuses. “Many critics of investment banks,” reports The Guardian, “have questioned why firms continue to siphon off billions of dollars of bank earnings into bonus pools rather than using the funds to shore up the capital position of the crisis-stricken institutions.”

Irresponsible capitalism

Some would even go so far as to say that the current financial crisis represents a systemic failure of shareholder-driven, free market capitalism. Among such critics is European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet, who argues that the current financial crisis is partly a result of the demise of the original Bretton Woods’ agreement, after deregulation since the 1970s.

Trichet’s conclusion is unequivocal: “It’s absolutely clear that financial markets need discipline: macroeconomic discipline, monetary discipline, market discipline.” British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and French President Nicolas Sarkozy agree, stating that the turmoil has shown the world's post-Second World War financial architecture is not fit for the task of controlling today’s global financial system.

The impacts on CSR

Irrespective of its causes, it is likely that the financial crisis will have a substantial impact on CSR. The question is, how will this impact play out? Who will win and who will lose? According to a poll run on the CSR International blog during October, 44% of CSR professionals believe that CSR will increase as a result of the crisis. A further 26% believe it will change, while 22% think it will weaken. This is a slightly surprising result and perhaps masks a more complex answer. In my opinion, the impact on CSR will vary depending on the type of CSR being practiced.

Philanthropic CSR will be worst hit

I have little doubt that those who have adopted an immature version of CSR, in which CSR is primarily about philanthropy (sponsorship, donations, charity and employee volunteering), will suffer substantial cut backs during the coming recession. Irrespective of the fact that those most in need of charity will be worst hit by the crisis, companies around the world will be forced into cost-cutting and philanthropy budgets will be among the first to be trimmed.

Strategic CSR will be less affected

It is likely that Michael Porter and Mark Kramer’s concept of strategic CSR will pay dividends for its followers in the aftermath of the financial crisis. They argue that “the more closely tied a social issue is to a company’s business, the greater the opportunity to leverage the firm’s resources—and benefit society.” Hence, companies that have aligned their philanthropic and broader CSR efforts with their core business are more likely to protect these initiatives, even during the recession.

For example, the commitment Coca-Cola has made to become a water neutral company is so closely tied to its core business (which is, after all, mostly about selling huge volumes of sugar water), that they cannot afford to abandon this as a superfluous CSR programme. They know that if they are not perceived to be responsibly managing the scarce water resources of the communities in which they operate, their business will ultimately fail (as they have already found to their detriment in India).

Embedded CSR will be largely unaffected

CSR can only be resilient if it is part of the DNA of an organisation. In other words, CSR will only survive the vagaries of fickle markets, fluctuating profits, financial crises and leadership whims if it is totally embedded in the corporate culture, strategy and governance systems. The impending recession will be the ultimate DNA-test for companies. A year from now, we will have a much better idea of who has driven CSR deep into the heart of their business and who has simply been wearing it as a mask.

One example may be the UK’s Co-operative Bank. Although it will not emerge from the financial crisis completely unscathed, its deeply ingrained ethical approach to banking – introduced in 1992 – is unlikely to change and may even have contributed to its robustness over the past 12 months. As Jonathan Porritt, Chairman of the UK’s Sustainable Development Commission says, “at the very least, the relative resilience of this business model should prompt both Treasury and the sector’s regulators to think again about alternative ownership and governance structures in the financial services sector.”

CSR 2.0 will continue to strengthen

For those companies that are alive to the opportunities of the CSR 2.0 revolution, even the recession will present large opportunities for business growth and financial profits. This is because CSR 2.0 is all about the creation of scalable solutions to the world’s most urgent and intractable problems, such as water stress and climate change. Unlike the defensive, incremental, risk-based CSR of the past (CSR 1.0), CSR 2.0 rides the wave of emerging responsible and sustainable markets.

For example, the demand for renewable energy and low-carbon technologies now far exceeds the supply. And given the escalating costs of climate change, the high oil price and ambitious political targets (of up to an 80% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050), companies that have strategically positioned themselves as clean technology solutions providers will continue to benefit from this $284 billion market, which is expected to grow to over $1.3 trillion by 2017.

Conclusion

Hence, the answer to the question, “What is the relationship between the financial crisis and CSR?” is that it depends. It depends on your beliefs about how deep the irresponsibility behind the economic meltdown runs – is it banks simply overextending themselves, or a far more systemic failure in the corporate, financial and capitalist models?

Similarly, the answer to “How will CSR be affected by the financial crisis?” depends on how deep CSR runs within the organisation – is it superficial philanthropic CSR, something more strategic or embedded, or even the more revolutionary CSR 2.0 version? Either way, the recession ahead will not only be an acid test for companies’ CSR commitment, but for CSR itself. It may very well be that the time has come for CSR to adapt or die.

Monday, November 3, 2008

CSR Lessons from China's Milk Scandal

This is a guest column by Professor Richard Welford, Chairman of CSR Asia.

The scandal that has already claimed the lives of four babies and sickened some 60,000 after they were fed the powder, made by the once-prestigious Sanlu Group, has huge implications for corporate social responsibility. The milk, which had been laced with the industrial chemical melamine, used in plastics and glue, gave children kidney stones.

The Chinese government has said that officials in Shijiazhuang, where Sanlu is based, had covered up the extent of the problem for more than a month while China was hosting the Olympic Games. There, a local government spokesman, revealed that Sanlu (43 percent owned by New Zealand’s Fronterra Group) had approached them for help in managing the media response on August 2nd, six days before the games opened.

In fact, local media had known that problems were being reported by parents of babies across China who had been fed Sanlu formula. However, the reporters were unable to publish their findings because of strict media controls imposed by the government during the games.

Industrial experts are now predicting the bankruptcy of Sanlu. It is unlikely a single company will be able to take over Sanlu as its debts total more than 700 million yuan, not counting massive compensation claims.

But as well as highlighting yet another cover up, the scandal has also revealed, once again, the deficiencies of industry oversight and the weakness of regulatory bodies and ongoing problems associated with corruption. Despite orders from China’s central authorities to recall all milk produced before September 14th, banned milk from two of China’s biggest dairies was still being sold this week at a discount to students in the southern city of Guangzhou through stores and milk dealers. The incidents call into question whether China’s central government can deliver on its promise to clean up the country’s dairy industry after contaminated infant formula sickened tens of thousands of children.

The government has now admitted that although contamination of milk had occurred at dairy companies, the government was responsible for monitoring the industry at the heart of the crisis. The important steps in the dairy industry, including production of raw milk, collection, transportation, processing, formulation and manufactured goods, will all need to have better standards and testing requirements, according to the government.

A nationwide check has now found melamine in 31 milk powder products. Large brand name companies including Cadbury’s, Heinz, Nestle and Unilever have had to recall products where milk was watered down by farmers who then added melamine to raise the protein levels.

But milk contamination, it seems, is nothing new in China. In 2004, the China Dairy Product Quality Inspection Report found that adulteration was very widespread and found urea, soap powder and starch being added to milk. It also found high levels of antibiotic residues in milk.

Just who is responsible for the mess we are now seeing is still far from clear. At first, milk processors such as Sanlu were in the spotlight for spiking the milk. It now seems that much of the adulteration was being done by farmers. But a number of media reports have pointed out that much of the problem might be associated with the fact that Sanlu had lowered the prices being paid to farmers at the same time as the price of animal feed was going up substantially.

China’s President Hu has called for lessons to be learned from the scandal. So in keeping with his request, here are my top ten lessons and forecasts from the perspective of CSR:

1. THE CRISIS WAS NOT INTENDED AND THERE'S THE RISK 

Those who contaminated the milk may not have known what the risks were when they added melamine to increase protein levels to pass tests. There was probably no malicious intent but rather a practice was adopted to enable a little more money to be squeezed out of milk processors by poor farmers. So what are the supply chain risks associated with cutting corners, cheating a little bit here and there and trying to extract just a little bit more money when prices are rising and incomes falling? If people’s incomes are squeezed in an inflationary environment so much that they cannot longer make a living, don’t be surprised if they start finding ways to recoup some of their losses. If large brands continue to want cheaper and cheaper products, when costs are rising, something has to give somewhere. It did, and this time had disastrous consequences. Wake up to the inevitability of having to pay higher prices for goods.

2. THIS IS A WHOLE NEW LEVEL OF COMMUNITY PROTEST

For years, people in China have put up with rising levels of pollution and impacts on their health as a trade-off for higher incomes, better housing and access to more products. But making adults sick is one issue, making people’s (one child policy) babies sick is something altogether different. The outrage coming from the Chinese public is probably unsurpassed by any other recent event and that is not going to go away any time soon. And as one father of a sick baby said, “this is now just too much to tolerate.” Some journalists have even gone so far as to argue that this could be a tipping point in terms of public dissatisfaction because this is one case where the public panicked and did not receive the information they needed to take action. Engaging the Chinese public has probably never before been as important. In fact, I would argue that you no longer have a choice. Engage your stakeholders or face the consequences: The parents of a Chinese infant allegedly sickened by tainted baby formula have launched what could be the first (but not the last) lawsuit in the nation’s escalating milk scandal. Product liability lawsuits have become more common in recent years and look set to increase.

3. YOU CANNOT SILENCE THE SOCIAL MEDIA

Many mainstream Chinese websites are being questioned about the manner in which they are handling the keywords related to companies in trouble in the Sanlu milk scandal. Among the doubts, the biggest one is about Baidu, the search engine with the largest market share in China. Ever since the Sanlu milk powder affair broke, some think that the number of pages found on Baidu is far less than its competitor Google. A document released online by one blogger claimed that Sanlu had promised 3 million yuan (in advertising) to get Baidu to filter out all negative news about the scandal. In the end, Baidu admitted that a public relations company acting for milk producer Sanlu asked it to screen out negative news about the contaminated milk scandal. Attempts to control online sources of information do have a habit of backfiring. Honesty and transparency is the name of the game and some public relations companies would do well to remember that.

4. THE "MADE IN CHINA" BRAND IS AGAIN DAMAGED

Whether it is milk products, toys, dog food, toothpaste or whatever, the China brand is once again looking tainted. Many countries have decided to suspend imports of Chinese milk products or to withdraw them from their market. Consumers are now increasingly scrutinising the sources of products on the shelves of supermarkets (and that does not only include milk products). The China brand may have rebounded quickly after lead paint was found in toys but many more scandals on this level are going to have longer-term repercussions - and the government knows it. But more damaging, in the longer term, than the tainting of dairy products with melamine is the cover-up of the scandal by Chinese authorities, a number of journalists have argued. If there is no confidence in the governance of the regulatory system, how can there be any confidence in Chinese supply chains?

5. PRODUCT RESPONSIBILITY IS HIGH ON THE AGENDA NOW

The milk problem shows how big food companies struggle to impose food-safety standards on suppliers in the developing markets they increasingly rely on for sales growth. A lot of attention has now switched from manufacturing processes that might be described as sweatshops, to processes (and the products themselves) that can cause harm to human health. This is going to require increased attention by brands not only to first-tier, supply-chain processes but also those further down the supply chain where, in the case of both milk products and toys, the problems occurred. One might now ask whether only conducting first-tier audits will be sufficient to manage product responsibility risks in the future. And ensuring product responsibility in poorly regulated environments is going to be expensive.

6. THE WHOLE SUPPLY CHAIN IS AFFECTED

Spare a thought for people trying to run responsible businesses. Some farmers may have spiked their milk but many did not. Yet many dairy companies and farmers are now facing bankruptcy because of the scandal. Media reports are saying that many farmers can no longer sell their milk and are simply tipping it down drains. Others are said to be contemplating slaughtering their cows. It seems that the government is willing to step in to help, but what obligations do the makers of products have to those suppliers unwittingly embroiled in the scandal and possibly facing financial ruin?

7. EXPECT A TOUGHER REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

It is clear from what has already been said by the central government that the regulatory environment is set to become tougher. Laws are often good but not enforced for various reasons, including a lack of regulators, inept regulators and corrupt regulators. But if government is to be believed, much of that may now change and companies may face a stricter enforcement of the law. The milk industry could actually emerge much stronger, mirroring recent advances in the toy industry. Many brands may well welcome increased enforcement of regulations, but it still poses a threat where that brand’s products are made in facilities that also produce for the domestic market or non-branded goods. If a facility is closed for an infringement in its non-brand lines, where is the brand going to find the capacity to continue production? The likelihood of that happening has just become greater.

8. INVESTORS ARE RUNNING SCARED OF CHINA

New Zealand’s Fonterra Corporation, the world’s largest trader in dairy products, has undoubtedly learned much from its 43 per cent ownership of a China venture which has created a financial disaster. This latest food tragedy may make some foreign investors conclude that the risks of manufacturing in China outweigh the potential rewards. Yet, such is the allure of the China market, most multinational firms will probably want to maintain their interest. The challenge is how to do it better. But ensuring that investments are safe might be even more problematic than ensuring products are safe in the sorts of joint venture arrangements we have see in the Sanlu case. Shareholders might be increasingly asking whether China is a safe haven for their money.

9. EXPECT INCREASED TESTING

It is increasingly looking like many suppliers simply cannot be trusted to put the systems in place to ensure product safety, or if they do, fail to properly manage those systems. The inevitable consequence of this is that we are likely to see a return to more testing. That comes expensive and the inevitable question is who is going to pay and what will that do to product prices?

10. ANOTHER NAIL IN THE COFFIN OF OUTSOURCING? 

This week the Wall Street Journal noted that the Chinese milk-safety scandal exposes one of the pitfalls of a key strategy of the world’s big multinational food companies: relying on local suppliers in emerging markets. Add to the scandal, the reality of increasing raw materials costs, increasing labour costs, increasing fuel and transportation costs and an increasingly worried consumer base and, all together, the future for the outsourcing model might not be looking so clear.

Become a CSR International blogger

I have been thinking about how there are vast depths of experience and wisdom in the CSR International network. At the same time, I have been impressed with the quality of many of the comments on my blog postings thus far. 

Hence, I have decided to experiment with opening up the CSR International blog to fellow CSRi colleagues. If you would like to add your voice and become a CSRi blogger, send me a request on wayne@csrinternational.org and I will give you the necessary permissions.

Sunday, November 2, 2008

CSR Asia Summit in Bangkok



I am currently attending the CSR Asia Summit in Bangkok and I thought I'd share a few initial impressions:

1. GROWTH - The rise of CSR up the agenda in Asia is reflected in the Summit's attendence. There are over 300 participants this year, up from 220 last year and around 150 the previous year. CSR Asia itself reflects this growing interest in CSR, now with 25 staff in offices in Hong Kong, Singapore, Shenzhen, Beijing, Kuala Lumpur, Dhaka and Ho Chi Minh City.

2. DIVERSITY - It is very encouraging looking through the speaker and delegate lists to see how diverse the organisational representation is - not only corporate CSR types, like the head of water for Coca Cola and supply chain for Hewlett-Packard - but also NGOs and consultants focusing on corruption, HIV/AIDS, climate change and labour justice, to mention but a few. 

3. PRIORITIES - Until fairly recently, CSR in Asia was largely equated with philanthropy and supply chain issues, specifically labour conditions. Now, there is a marked shift to environmental issues, specifically water, but also deforestation and climate change, as well as product responsibility (not surprising, in the wake the Mattel and contaminated milk scandals in China).

4. CRISIS LINKS - The relationship between the financial crisis and CSR has already emerged as a hot topic, with Mr Kasit Piromya, Director of Internaitonal of the Democratic Party in Thailand, stating that governments will have to tackle the systemic greed of the financial markets and overpaid CEOs if CSR is to be at all effective in future.

I will listen to the debates and discussions over the next two days with interest. For more information about CSR Asia, go to www.csr-asia.com.

Thursday, October 30, 2008

Food for thought: The NON financial crises and CSR

In the midst of the financial crisis media hype, it is easy to forget that other "non-financial" crises continue unabated. I am particularly struck at the moment by the food crisis and its implications for CSR. Here are some of the facts, according to Oxfam:
  • The number of malnourished people in the world rose by 44 million in 2008
  • In the horn of Africa, 17 million people are on the brink of starvation
  • Five months after countries pledged $12 bn to the global food emergency, less than $1 bn has been given
  • Meanwhile, over 30% of the world's grain crop goes to feeding animals rather than people directly
  • And food companies continue to see sales and profits rise, e.g. Nestle's global sales rose 8.9% January to June and Tesco saw profits up 10% from last year
Of course, food is not the only silent crisis in our midst. A recent study by Pavan Sukhdev, the Deutsche Bank economist who led a European study on ecosystems, reports that we are losing natural capital worth between $2-5 trillion every year as a result deforestation alone. Compare that with the losses incurred so far by the financial sector of "only" $1-1.5 trillion.

As George Monbiot argues in The Guardian, the two crises have the same cause. "In both cases, those who exploit the resource have demanded impossible rates of return and invoked debts that can never be repaid. In both cases we denied the likely consequences".

What are the implications for CSR? Are we seeing a food crisis looming at the macro-scale similar to what we saw in Zimbabwe at a micro-scale? And in this case, do companies with operations in developing countries need to start thinking about food security as one of their first and main CSR priorities? Or perhaps business should be lobbying Western governments to deliver on their aid promises? Maybe companies, with their vast land ownership and excess capital, should be the leaders in a reforestation revolution on a massive scale?

One thing is for sure, both the food and ecological crises are likely to get worse rather than better in the coming recession years. And companies, especially those in the food and extractives sectors, are going to find it increasingly hard to justify excessive profits when people around the world are dying from starvation and the world's lungs are being damaged by cancerous economic growth.

Wednesday, October 22, 2008

CSR, G8 & G5: The Heiligendamm Dialogue Process

Tomorrow, by invitation, I will be giving "expert" input on CSR to The Heiligendamm Dialogue Process at a meeting they are holding in Mexico City.

If you're wondering what The Heiligendamm Dialogue Process is, you're not alone. I had never heard of it until I got the invite. In fact, it is probably the closest thing we have to a statement by the world's regional superpowers on how CSR fits into the bigger picture of global development. Here's how they describe themselves:

"The leaders of the G8 and the G5 countries (Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa) discussed the major challenges that have arisen in the world economy at the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007. They recognised the interdependence of their economies and the importance of an active exchange on the framework conditions of a globalized and competitive world economy. They decided to embark on a high-level, structured dialogue on specific challenges which was subsequently referred to as the Heiligendamm Dialogue Process (HDP)."

So what does that have to do with CSR? Well, one of the four main topics for the Dialogue Process, which is hosted by the OEDC, is: "Promoting cross-border investment to our mutual benefit including the encouragement of responsible business conduct". 

A more lengthy document (38 pages) on "Growth and Responsibility in the World Economy", issued as a G8 Summit Heiligendamm Declaration on 7 June 2007, makes fascinating reading. Not least because, according to the G8,  the outlook was all sunshine and roses barely a year ago. "We note that the world economy is in good condition". How quickly the world can change! But beyond that, there is some very revealing content on CSR and broader socio-economic and environmental trends. Below, I have tried to summarise some of the main points:

SUMMARY

1. G8 Agenda for Global Growth and Stability (p.1-2) - This opening section makes it clear that the developed world's obsession with economic growth as the solution to social and environmental challenges continues. What is interesting (and different), however, is that there is now more acknowlegement about the importance of stability in financial markets and the distribution of the benefits of globalization.

2. Systemic Stability and Transparency (p.3) - This section reads like deja vu and shows that our current financial crisis did not arise from a vacuum or without the knowledge of the superpowers. In relation to global financial markets, especially hedge funds, they refer to "potential systemic and operational risks" and "the need to be vigilant". I guess no one (or at least no one that mattered) was really listening?

3. Freedom of Investment (p.4-6) - This is the familiar "free capital flow" mantra, acknowledging that "supporting protectionism would result in a loss of prosperity". How does this reconcile with the continued protectionism of EU agriculture and US fossil fuels I wonder?

4. The social dimension of globalization (p.7) - The fact that this is even being acknowledged is progress. The emphasis is on "promoting and developing social standards", like the ILO Triparite Declaration, OECD Guidelines for Multinationals and the UN Global Compact. 

5. Strengthening the principles of CSR (p.7) - In addition to emphasising and supporting the above-mentioned social standards, there is reference to "the voluntary approach of CSR" and encouraging "the transparency of private companies' performance with respect to CSR" and "clarification of the numerous standards and principles issued in the this area". Given that this is the main section on CSR, it is quite weak and disappointing, with a fairly limited conception of CSR.

6. Promoting and protecting innovation (p.9-12) - This section hints at technology transfer, but is far more about protecting intellectual property (patents), claiming that "trade in pirated and counterfeit goods threatens health, safety and security of consumers worldwide, particularly in poorer countries". No guessing which country-block wrote this section then.

7. Climate and energy (p.13-28) - This forms the bulk of the paper, focusing on energy security, energy efficiency and climate change. Although there are no revelations, it is quite a good summary of where the world is at on these issues and how it has responded to date. For example, it talks about the Global Energy Security Principles, the post-Kyoto deal, deforestation, biodiversity, sustainable buildings, transportation, industry, power generation, energy diversification, etc.

8. Responsibility for raw materials (p.29-32) - This focuses on transparency and "sustainable growth" in the mining sector, mentioning the likes of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), the OECD Risk Awareness Tool for MNEs in Weak Governance Zones, and the Diamond Development Initiative.

9. Corruption - This final section is simply a restatement of commitment, referring to existing initiatives, like the UN Convention against Corruption and the OECD Anti Bribery Convention.


IN CONCLUSION

If this Declaration is anything to go by, the growth and globalisation debate at least seems to be getting more sophisticated, implicitly acknowledging that there is such a thing as growth and globalization that does not share its benefits fairly, and that issues like poverty and climate change are critical to long term economic prosperity.

My overall impression from the Heiligendamm Dialogue Process so far is that the battle to have CSR acknowledged as part of the social and environmental suite of solutions has been won, but the war to see CSR as a more holistic, embedded and strategic concept is in danger of being lost.

Monday, October 20, 2008

CSR in Developing Countries: Distinctive Characteristics*

Developing countries provide a socio-economic and cultural context for CSR which is, in many ways, different from developed countries.

In particular, CSR in developing countries has the following distinctive characteristics:

·         CSR tends to be less formalised or institutionalised in terms of the CSR benchmarks commonly used in developed countries, i.e. CSR codes, standards, management systems and reports.

·         Where formal CSR is practiced, this is usually by large, high profile national and multinational companies, especially those with recognised international brands or those aspiring to global status.

·         Formal CSR codes, standards and guidelines that are most applicable to developing countries tend to be issue specific (e.g. fair trade, supply chain, HIV/Aids) or sector-led, (e.g. agriculture, textiles, mining).

·         In developing countries, CSR is most commonly associated with philanthropy or charity, i.e. through corporate social investment in education, health, sports development, the environment and other community services.

·         Making an economic contribution is often seen as the most important and effective way for business to make a social impact, i.e. through investment, job creation, taxes, and technology transfer.

·         Business often finds itself engaged in the provision of social services that would be seen as government’s responsibility in developed countries, e.g. investment in infrastructure, schools, hospitals and housing.

·         The issues being prioritised under the CSR banner are often different in developing countries, e.g. tackling HIV/Aids, improving working conditions, provision of basic services, supply chain integrity and poverty alleviation.

·         Many of the CSR issues in developing countries present themselves as dilemmas or trade-offs, e.g. development versus environment, job creation versus higher labour standards, strategic philanthropy versus political governance.

·         The spirit and practice of CSR is often strongly resonant with traditional communitarian values and religious concepts in developing countries, e.g. African humanism (ubuntu) in South Africa, coexistence (kyosei) in Japan and harmonious society (xiaokang) in China.

* Extracted and adapted from Wayne Visser's entry on developing countries in "The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility"